Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were performed to model fluid flow behavior within the microfluidic chip. Based on the simulation results, the chip geometry was optimized to ensure efficient mixing, controlled flow rates, and uniform liposome formation prior to fabrication.

Manufacturing mold and chip

A mold for the microfluidic chip was fabricated using appropriate microfabrication techniques. The chip was then produced from the mold, ensuring accurate replication of channel dimensions and structural integrity required for experimental use.

Lab-on-a-chip

Lab-on-a-chip is the physical and functional backbone of the microfluidic system you use to produce liposomal Doxorubicin.

It is a miniaturised manufacturing environment where fluid handling, mixing, solvent exchange, and nanoparticle self-assembly occur inside precisely engineered micro-channels.

The chip fixes flow geometry, shear profiles, and diffusion conditions, which eliminates batch variability and forces every liposome to form under identical physical constraints.

This drives uniform particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, and reproducible pH-responsive behaviour.

In short: it replaces bulk, inconsistent chemistry with controlled, continuous, machine-defined nanoparticle engineering.

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